Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman (cited) Essay

Willy and Nora: Tragic Heroes or Home-wreckers? No one has a perfect life. Despite what Aaron Spelling and his friends in the media might project to society today, no one’s life is perfect. Everyone has conflicts that they must face sooner or later. The ways in which people deal with these conflicts can be just as varied as the people themselves. Some procrastinate and ignore their problems as long as they can, while others attack problems to get them out of the way as soon as possible. The Lowman and Helmer families have a number of problems that they deal with in different ways, which proves their similarities and differences. Both Willy Loman, the protagonist of Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman and Nora Helmer, protagonist of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House experience an epiphany where they realize that they were not the person the thought they were: while Willy’s catharsis brings about his death, Nora’s brings her to a new life; hers. Bo th character’s flaws bring about their departure from their respective families as well. They are both overly concerned with the appearances they and their families present to society: as a result they both project false images to others. From their appearance, both seem to be involved in stable marriages and appear to be going places. Willy’s job as a traveling salesman seems stable (although we never know what it is he sells) when he tells his family that he â€Å"knocked ’em cold in Providence, slaughtered ’em in Boston† (Miller 1228). It is not until Willy’s wife, Linda tells us that he â€Å"drives 700 miles and when he gets there, no one knows him any more, no one welcomes him† (Miller 1241). If that’s not enough to convince readers of his failure on the job, the fact that he gets fired after working for the same company for 36 years cements his incompetency in the business world to readers. While Nora does not work in the business world, (few woman, if any did over 120 years ago) her failure to take care of her responsibilities becomes quite evident as well. See more: citing an essay When the play opens and Nora enters with a Christmas tree and presents for the children, she gives off the impression of a good mother trying hard to prepare a great Christmas for her family. Upon further analysis we see that Nora’s duties, in general, are restricted to caring for the children, doing housework, and working on her needlepoint. Nora cannot complete these duties even with the full-time help of Anne Marie, a housekeeper who cleans up after Nora just as much as the children. When Nora and Kristine are having a discussion towards  the start of the play, Nora informs her friend that, â€Å"I’m so happy and relieved [with my marriage]. I must say its lovely to have plenty of money and not have to worry. Isn’t it?† (Ibsen 1119). The rosy picture she painted of her family and marriage are in stark contrast to the â€Å"stranger of a man† (Ibsen 1168) she refers to her husband as. We realize that she had not been living her life at all; rath er the life that her husband wanted her to live. While both Willy and Nora succeed in giving of the appearance of being competent, efficient and helpful family members who contribute to the well being of their respective families, they prove otherwise as the plays progress. While the two plays take place nearly 100 years apart, are set on different continents and each have completely different family members, both engage in lies and deceit that hurt their families; after which each protagonist leaves their family. Not only does Willy lie about his performance on the job, he lies about his â€Å"faulty car† as well. He tells his family that the Studebaker keeps malfunctioning when in reality we find out through Linda that he has been deliberately trying to kill himself. The biggest way in which Loman deceives his family is by cheating on his wife while away for work in Boston. When his eldest son discovers his father’s unfaithfulness, he loses all trust for his father, and Biff’s life pretty much goes downhill from there. Willy Loman’s lies, deceit, unfaithfulness have resulted in huge problems for his family. Nora also starts trouble in her household through lies and deceit. Nora’s crime of forgery is not even a crime in her mind; she does not realize that the law does not take into account people’s motivations behind their actions. While she knows that Krogstad has been associated with shady law practices, she does not realize that his crime was on the same level, if not less illegal than the one that she has committed. When Tourvald opens the letter and finds out about her crime, he goes ballistic, and cannot believe that his own wife could be capable of such a crime. This is ultimately the reason / situation that helps Nora realize that she must leave her family in order to begin to live her own life. But Nora even lies about the little things in life such as the eating of macaroons (Ibsen 1126). Her husband forbade her from eating them on account that they will rot her teeth, and when she is seen eating them in her house, she says that they are a gift from Kristine, which is a lie. Both Willy and Nora’s lies and deceitfulness frustrate their families to the  point where each protagonist much leave their family; although Willy’s departure is his death, Nora’s is the start of her real life. Both main characters also use an escape mechanism to leave reality when they realize that their lives are on the wrong path. When Loman starts to realize that his pride and joy in life, Bi ff, â€Å"is a lazy bum† (Miller 1218) he begins to talk to himself (Miller 1221). These mental lapses bring Loman to a happier place and time, when his kids were young and innocent and he thought that the best part of his life lay still ahead. This acts almost as a defense mechanism against the pains of reality for Willy. In the final scene, after Biff tells his father that he is â€Å"a dime a dozen† and that the Loman name really doesn’t mean much, Willy engages in the ultimate escape mechanism; suicide. Although it may appear on the surface to be a selfish and coldhearted move to spite his family, he actually did it so that his family may live a better life with money he thinks they will receive from his life insurance policy. When faced with the harsh pains of reality, Nora also uses defense / escape mechanisms to ignore the problems at hand first, then to conquer them in the end. She believes that she has done nothing wrong, and that if what she has done is illegal, that her good intentions will nullify the illegality of her forgery. When Krogstad informs her otherwise, tells her the possible repercussions of her act, and ultimately gives her an ultimatum, this is her first touch of reality outside of the doll’s house that she lives in. To cope with the harshness outside of t his doll’s house, she immediately retreats back inside and attempts to distract herself with Christmas decorations (Ibsen 1133). She uses the tree and presents to distract her from her problems, and tells the nursemaid Anne Marie that she’s too busy to play with her kids who want to see her because she must try to distance her mind from the subject at hand. Here she is only making the problem worse by not dealing with it. When she finally realizes that her â€Å"main duty [is] to [her]self† (Ibsen 1166), and that she has been living life according to what her father and husband have wanted rather than what she has wanted, Nora’s epiphany is complete. She knows that the only possible solution that can work for her is to leave right away. Willy and Nora both escape their problems first by drifting away with mental distractions, then when they fully realize their problems, they both must physically leave their families. For Willy this means death, for Nora, the  start of (a new) life. Willy and Nora share a fatal flaw: they try to make others happy before making themselves happy. All that Willy ever wanted in life was to be â€Å"well-liked† and for his sons to follow in his footsteps. Their lives focused too much on fulfilling others rather than themselves, and in the end this flaw led to their departure from each of their respective families. When Charley asks Willie â€Å"when the hell are you ever going to grow up?† and Biff declares that â€Å"we never told the truth in this house for 10 minutes† (Miller 1280) we realize that Willy will never grow up and that he must leave his family because he will never grow up and that nearly his whole life has been a farce. Similarly, when Nora tells her husband that the only way he (and her) can only change if Tourvald has â€Å"his doll taken away† (Ibsen 1168) we realize that Nora’s life too has been a farce and that she must leave in order to begin her own life.

Effects of premarital sex and early sexual relationships on teeenagers Essay

The present day unipolar system has left USA as the only super power capable of conducting or organizing political military action anywhere in the world.. However, hegemony is present in a system where there is a unipolar structure of influence to match the unipolar structure capabilities for example in the 1990s the United Nations was gradually displaced from its primary responsibility for maintaining peace and security in favour of a revitalized NATO which provided the multilateral cover for US military action in the Balkans. In the war aganst Iraq, the process was taken a step further as NATO was itself sidelined in favour of a coalition of the willing(Bull,2000;23). Politically, because all states recognize that it is in their overriding self-interest to maximize their power, that’s what Waltz says they do. To do anything else is crazy because a state without enough power is a vulnerable state. And, anyway, it is too scary for states not to try to maximize their power. For instance as China continues to expand its military spending $91.  5 billion in 2011,this only represents about one seventh of the total US defense budget(estimated to reach $663. 8 bilion by the end of the year)according to China: USA FOCUS a non profit organization based in Hong-Kong. Hence this is what Waltz calls the â€Å"security dilemma( waltz,1979:123). † He argues that when one state sees another state trying to increase its power to increase its security, it gets scared, feelsthreatened, and recognizes that it too must increase its power. But, of course, thatscares the other states, and basically there is this mad spiral in which all states are T rying to have more power than all other states. According to Waltz, this competition for power among states is not always as dangerous as it at first sounds. In the international system, every state is sovereign and this implies that sovereign states are not answerable to any higher power. When one sovereign state intervenes in another sovereign state monitoring the domestic affairs of that certain country, it shows the aspect of political hegemony. One good example is that of America which has been intervening in various sovereign states under the disguise of protecting human rights. In doing so it seems like America is becoming a police man of the world. A realist scholar Hobbes (1952) postulates that the powerful will always do what they want and the weak will always comply. In other respects politics and economy are said to have existed in two separate spheres and are not logically connected to one another. In the option of the Marxist and leftists writers on one hand politics and economics are intimately linked. The insatiable desire of capitalists for continuous accumulation has been the force behind the political endeavors in every capital economy state. According to the theory of hegemonic stability, as I am using it in this article, the creation and maintenance of an open and liberal world economy such as the one that has characterized most of the world economy since the end of World War II requires a powerful leader. This leader uses its power and influence to promote trade liberalisation and a stable international monetary system primarily in order to advance its own political and economic interests. The leader, however, can seldom coerce reluctant states to obey the rules of a liberal international economic order and must seek their co-operation. These other states co-operate with the hegemony because it is in their own economic and security interests to do so. For example, although the American hegemony played a crucial role in establishing and managing the world economy following World War 2, it did so with the strong co-operation of its Cold War. Coercion involves the study of threats and demands that encourage the adversary to either reverse its action or stop what it has been doing. Unlike Deterrence, which stresses the prevention of an attack or the use of threats by state A to dissuade its enemy, state B, from attacking, coercion consists of the use of threats by state A, or the coercer (e. g. state hegemony, NATO, UN), to reverse a n act of aggression by state B. To coerce a state, then, means to employ a range of diplomatic and military options. These may include economic/trade sanctions, blockades, embargoes, and precision air-strikes. The threat of exercising these options serves as either an inducement to the transgressor state to stop what it is doing, or as punishment for not taking the steps to comply with the coercer’s demands. Such options, therefore, reflect the costs and benefits of calculated threats, and are often referred to as ex ante demands. The ex ante mix of punishment and inducements, in this case, can either take the form of a carrot/stick or use for that approach.

Manual Website Constructor

The search box allows finding certain web-pages by determining the search domain (search In the language version set or In all the versions). Search box Search parameters 4. Main menu The main menu consists of five points: Web-pages. Use this point for editing and removing the web-pages of the affiliate website. Add Page. In this section you can create a new web-page, fill it with certain content in the easily understandable panel (the panel enables you to add links, handle the text, upload images etc. ). You can also include the following metabolism for a new web-page: title, keywords, description. Edit Menu.In this section the structure of the website menu can be altered. It serves to add/tilted/remove the menu points. Manage Templates. This section allows managing the website templates (the part of the website page comprising side and bottom menu as well as headings). Furthermore, here you can add/remove links to/ trot the side menu on boot sides trot the text and also change Copy right Design. With the help of this section you can choose any scheme elaborated by our team and change the font. 4. 1 Web-pages For a web-page to be reflected in a certain language, it is necessary to select the language. 4. 1.Remove web-page In order to delete a web-page, please press the button. 4. 1. 2 Edit Page 4. 1. 2. 1 Edit web-page content In order to move to a page editing mode, you need to click the corresponding button. Once you did it, you will see the window of web-page editing. Editing a page is facilitated by the editing tools. Remove the content Save Page layout templates Preview Crop Paste as plain text Copy Paste Paste from Word Print Full text search Undo Redo Insert Checkbook Insert Irradiation Insert text field Insert Select Insert Image Button Insert hidden field Replace text Remove format Mark all Insert formSpell check Insert Text area Insert button Page break Insert symbol Insert SMS e Bold Italics Underline Crossed font Subscript Superscript Billeted list Increase space Decrease space Quotation marks Centered Left-justified liquefied Insert link Insert image Insert flash Insert table Insert horizontal line Show blocks Scale editing window up/down Right-justified Remove link Insert anchor Text color Fill color Numbered list Text style Text format Diva container Font Font size 4. 1. 2. Edit metadata While editing a web-page, metadata (title, keywords, description) can be input. Press the Modify button to save the changes you made. 4. 2 Add Page This window contains the abovementioned panel of editing a page, the field for entering the file name and that for choosing its language version. 4. 3 Edit Menu In this section you need to choose a language version of the menu being edited. 4. 3. 1 Add new element 1) Choose the section tot the menu which you mean to ad ad link to 2) Choose the preferred level of the link. ) Enter the name of the link (not less than 3 symbols). 4) Enter the link (Latin letters only). 5) Press the Add button to in clude the new link to the menu. 4. 3. 2 Edit/remove element In order to delete a certain element, you need to press the Remove button. For editing a menu element after all the necessary modifications were made to the corresponding fields of the element (name and link) press the Change button. 4. 4 Manage Templates The menu of the section consists of three points: 4. 4. Add Link With the help of this section you can add a link in the left or right menu of the main website template. 4. 4. 2 Delete Link In order to remove a link from the main template you need to choose the template field (left or right menu), templates in which you would like to make removal and then Reese the Show links button. After you took all the above-mentioned steps there will appear a list of links of the templates chosen. For removing a certain link, please tick the checkbook corresponding to this particular link and press the Delete links from Main Templates 4. . 3 Change Copyright Changing Copyright require s choosing template(s) from the list, entering a new one in the corresponding slot and clicking the Change Copyright button. 4. 5 Design The menu of this section comprises two points: 4. 5. 1 Edit default design In order to change the website design one of the provided templates is to be chosen ND appropriate button to be clicked. You can zoom the design patterns to have a more thorough look on them by clicking on the corresponding image.List the zoomed patterns by clicking the arrow appearing at moving the mouse pointer in the lower right/left corner of the screen. 452 Edit detail ton In this section you can change default font and its size. To do it, choose the corresponding values and click the Edit default font button. 5. FAQ 5. 1 How to place an image? In order to place an image on a web-page, you need to visit the Web-pages section, choose a preferred language and start editing the page (see Edit web-page content section). Place the mouse pointer in the area where you would li ke to insert an image.Find the Insert image option on the toolbar of web-page editing. You can either upload it or enter a link to it. In order to place an image using the link, visit the Image info section. Enter the link to the image In the URL field, you can also input the text which will be displayed in case of the image being unavailable in the Alternative Text slot. The image will be shown in the Preview field. You can also set the following image parameters: Width Height Boded – framing of he image (1 Hospice – horizontal spacing Peace – vertical spacing Align Click the k button to place an image.In order to upload an image from your computer, please visit the Upload section, press the Browse button, choose the image to be uploaded and press the Send it to the Server button. Once the image is uploaded to the server, the Image Info section will open. Press the k button. 5. 2 How to place a link? In order to place a link on a certain website page, please vi sit the Web-pages section. Choose the preferred language and pass over to editing it (see Edit page content). Place the mouse pointer in the area where you would like to place a link. Choose Insert link option on the toolbar.Choose a link type in the Link type field. URL – a link to the Internet source Link to the anchor in the text – a link within the weapon E- Mail – a link to the email Choose a link protocol in the Protocol field, enter the link in the URL slot – press the k button to place it. 5. 3 How to place an image with a link? In order to place an image with a link on a certain website page, follow the steps represented in point 5. 1 before pressing the k button. Visit the Link section and enter the link to the URL field; you can choose the method of opening the link in the Target field.

Resources management in Devon and Somerset fire and Rescue Service Case Study

Resources management in Devon and Somerset fire and Rescue Service - Case Study Example The fire and rescue industry has also not been left out in implementing resources management techniques in their operations. Devon and Somerset is one of the largest fire and rescue service in the UK which was established in the year 2007 through a merger of Somerset and Devon fire brigades. This company operates different fire and rescue subsidiaries in the region thus making resources management vital to ensure growth and survival of the company and also to ensure that the services given to their customers are of higher standards (Cameron, 2009). Resources which help Devon and Somerset fire and rescue service to perform its duties Devon and Somerset Company have different appliances which enable it to perform its core competencies of rescuing and fighting fire during fire emergencies. The company has different and diverse special appliances as well as front line gargets for putting out fire. One of its major appliances which are vital for putting out fire is the water tender ladder. The company’s water tender ladder has the capability of pumping about 3,000 litres of water per minute for two locations and it has a storage capacity of more than 1,800 litres. This pump also has various types of ladders which are up to 13.5 metres. The cab also contains four sets of air breathing apparatus which are compressed. Each of the pumps also contain outside lockers located at the outside part. Inside the pumps, there are a number of powdered rescue equipment usually hydraulic and also a thermal imaging camera, pressure fans, equipment for safety heights and water rescue equipment. Water tender ladder has call sig ns one and three (Trotman Publishing, 2001). Another appliance is the water tender which is almost similar to the above mentioned water tender ladders. The difference is that these two appliances carry different set of equipment with its ladders going up to 10.5 metres. This equipment is not as effective as the water tender ladder and it is usually used for reinforcement purposes. Incident command vehicles are other equipment or apparatus used by Devon and Somerset Company during fire and rescue missions. They carry out the roles of controlling the site and contacting the control rooms of different stations. Large incidents prompt activation of control units to ensure the mobilisation of more appliances. The incident control vehicles controls communications regarding the progress of the incidence and they carry call sign C. Other appliances include the prime movers (also known as the environmental and incident support units). These vehicles provide logistical support in cases of big incidents and also carry any additional equipment which may be necessary. Equipment carried by these vehicles usually are very specialised and they are used to control the spillage of chemicals thus protecting the environment. Water foam carriers are also used by this company which are used for transporting additional water especially in rural areas. Rescue vehicles, fire

Critical Communication Event on the Internet Essay

Critical Communication Event on the Internet - Essay Example The responsibility of the press to relay messages in such incidences was seen to come out very clearly. The public seemed to be very aware of the happenings at that particular time. The media did not assume its role in concealing information but portrayed the information to the mass just as the events unfold. The issue of size policy in relation to the Southwest Airlines came out clearly. With the news, the customers were much enlightened on who they would be dealing with the next time they use the Southwest airlines. With the freedom of the press, many journalists attempted to conduct interview with Emery Orto to have a clear understanding on the views regarding to the issue. From the journalists’, judgment on various online articles, Orto seemed to have an irrational attitude and his communication with the authorities was not at all pleasant. Not only was it his size barred him from flying but his rude approach on the authorities. With the freedom of the press, each and every person is given an opportunity to air their views, in our case study, the huge person, Orto, and the refusal to board on the plane by the Southwest Airlines

The integumentary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The integumentary - Research Paper Example She is also forgetting to wash her hands after toileting. Her skin has become very dry, pale and thin, tearing easily even when she simply scratches an itch. Q 1. Identify a specific cell from the integumentary system (1 cell only for each), involved in a) protection – SQUAMOUS CELL of the skin appears thin and flat; this is very important in protecting the entire body against damage brought about by cuts, bumps, spills of acids and bases, and damage due to ultraviolet radiation (Marieb, 2008). b) sensation – CUTANEOUS SENSORY RECEPTOR is another cell which can appear as specialized neurons, dendritic nerve endings, or specialized epithelial cell connected with sensory nerve endings; this is particularly responsible for the sensation of skin (Seeley, 2008). c) secretion – CUBOIDAL CELLS of sebaceous gland exit as single layer with polygon-shaped cells; it appears square-like in structure with a central round nucleus found in most glands of the human body (Tortora & Derrickson, 2007). Describe how each of these cells is designed for the function it carries out. Squamous cells are designed to be flat and thin to easily cover the outer part of the skin and facilitate the process of diffusion of substances effectively and more rapidly, in or out of the cells. Cutaneous skin receptors on the other hand, appear elongated, mesh-like and inter-networking with one another; this type of design is intended for fast conduct and transmission of impulses or electrical conductivity. Lastly, the cuboidal cells have box-like feature which is designed to permit fluid-holding capacity; allowing cells to secrete substances.. Q2. How does skin structure and function change with age and lifestyle factors? Make reference to the case study and the cells and functions you have discussed in Question 1. Skin, the largest organ and the most visible in the body, also undergoes aging process that shows multiple clinical manifestations and concerns. Organ aging and failu re, become evident if and when the skin is affected. Skin deterioration is the outward evidence of faltering physiology. Although in the healthy aged population, expected changes occur, and sometimes lead to problems. Most of the skin changes that are linked with aging are caused by intrinsic aging rather than lifestyle factor or photo damage (Shekar, Luciano, Duffy and Martin, 2005; p. 125-1119).Cellular damage due to intrinsic factors are not fully understood, however, the stress of free radicals derived from reactive oxygen species that resulted from oxidative metabolism may lead to mutation of DNA, oxidation of proteins due to oxidation of membrane lipids, reduced function, and resulting in the abnormal trans-membrane impulse transmission and reduced transport efficiency. The moment repair is incomplete, damage over time can result to to abnormal structure and function.(Tortora & Derrickson, 2007). The ultraviolet exposure will also speed up chronological skin changes, and as ag e increase the impact of photo aging heightens (Seeley, 2008). Q3. Florence has expressed discomfort with hot weather. Explain how her skin changes may be contributing to this? Normally, occupation, lifestyle, and health associated decisions frequently determine the appearance of skin. Smoking, weight loss, lack of exercise, inadequate nutrition, stress and lack of sleep, exposure to cold weather, are common contributors to unhealthy skin. For elderly people, there are major changes in the structures

How Saddam Hussein terrorized his own people Essay

How Saddam Hussein terrorized his own people - Essay Example w its hypothesis on the fact that terrorism is not necessary restricted to organized violence between states or regions, but also organized violence that can be committed by a regime to its own population. The first way that Saddam Hussein used against his people was the Anfal campaign. Anfal is an Arab word that means spoils. It was a campaign carried out in the late 1980’s by the Saddam Hussein’s regime against the larger Kurdish population living in the north of Iraq. The campaign was carried out to ascertain the Iraqi control over the area. However, the real agenda behind this type of campaign was to keep the Kurdish population on check. This campaign involved killing of men after being rounded up by the Iraqi troops and their villages raced down, while children and women were taken to camps with deplorable conditions (Ferguson 120). Chemical weapons were also used against the Kurds during the Anfal campaign. The Iraqi used chemical generated weapons to smoke the Kurds out of there homes and villages. These operations were carried out in the morning of March 16, 1988 and continued all night long. The Iraqi’s would deploy bombs filled with a mixture of mustard gas and nerve agent gas. The mixture proved deadly since it had an immediate impact to its victims. The long-term consequences of these weapons included cancer, birth defects and permanent blindness. Short-term effects included vomiting, convulsions, immediate blindness and blisters. Saddam Hussein’s cousin known as Ali Hassan al-Majid directly oversaw this operation against the Kurds after which he earned the famous name of â€Å"Chemical Ali† (Ferguson 130). The second way that Saddam Hussein used to terrorize was through reprisal on Dujail. This occurred in the early 1980’s, when Saddam Hussein was on a visit to a town known as Dujail situated a few miles north of the city of Baghdad. In Dujail, a group of militants known as Dawa shot at his motorcade. In retaliation on what was considered

Money versus Religious Object Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Money versus Religious Object - Essay Example I have a parachute and obviously money would mean I will be able to buy anything I longed for. Money in itself serves as a religious object. Evidently, benefits of the $10 million will be more compared to the one for the religious object.In my economical perspective, money is the stronghold of my survival and this is why I have chosen to go for the $10 million. It is not that I am not religious. Good life is proportionally related to the money one has in this world. Everyone in this world longs and works hard to get more and more money. This is because they have a longing for something money provides. In this regard, I believe to some people money serves as a religion. This is so because it controls and manipulates people towards doing some things they were not likely to do. In order to maintain order and a sense of belongingness in a community, money is a pre-requisite. I choose the $10 million dollars not only for a good life but also for respect in society. I chose it because I al so have dreams that I ought to make a reality. I believe money is just a need and would not overcome my religion. I do perceive it differently in my case. I cannot enslave and misuse humanity since I have all the money in the world. I envision a sense of purpose when I have the $10 million dollars and not the religious object. The advantage about the $10 million dollars is that given I use it wisely, I will generate more and more of it and this will boost my survival instincts and that of the society as a whole.

State House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

State House - Essay Example The path to Doric Hall from Beacon Hill is accessed through a staircase with the main doors remaining closed except on three occasions. This is probably representative of the â€Å"gate to the City†, which is informed by the only times these doors are opened. First, the US President opens the doors when a foreign head of state visits Boston, as well as a visit. The doors are also opened during the Governor’s last day in office as he exits for the final time. The Governor walks out on that day as a final act of re-joining the people, walking alone from his executive chamber through Doric Hall on the second floor.Governor William Weld who went, down the steps, to meet Lt. Governor Paul Cellucci, has flouted this. On the other hand, Cellucci, in turn, failed to do it because the front of the building was being renovated. Jane Swift, who was in an acting capacity, chose to take the walk with her family, while mitt Romney had to take it the day before his last day in office as Deval Patrick decided to take his oath and give his inaugural address on the staircase. Finally, on return from battle, the doors are opened when a regimental flag is returned to the state. However, because Washington D.C. now receives all the regimental flags, the last time that this was done was following the end of the Vietnam War.The legislature system has some obvious weaknesses and strengths. One of its key strengths is the ability of a bicameral legislature, as seen at the Boston State House, is that it is able to divide power. This keeps power from becoming too concentrated in the hands of one house, i.e., either the Senate or the House of Representatives (Todd 25). Essentially, the House of Representatives in the United States begins the appropriation of the bill. The Senate, on the other hand, confirms the appointment of the Governor or President, as well as approving decisions on state issues or foreign policy. Through this kind of spreading of power, there are checks affected on the entire system since it makes it very difficult to influence both houses, as compared to one house in the unicameral system. The bicameral legislature also balances between broad and focused issues (Todd 25). In most bicameral legislative systems, one house, in this case the Senate has fewer representatives, even though they are

The Impact of Globalization on Immigration Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Globalization on Immigration Essay Globalization could be the outcome of human interaction that came into existence because of the introduction or the prevalence of advanced transportation, means of communication, and recently information technology that facilitates political, economic, as well social coming together. Among the best definitions of globalization, looking at how the International Monetary Fund (IMF) perceives it might give a clear idea what it stands for. According to IMF Globalization is â€Å"the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services, free international capital flows, and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. Another source that has a different take on globalization, the International Forum on Globalization defines it as â€Å"the present worldwide drive toward a globalized economic system dominated by supranational corporate trade and banking institutions that are not accountable to democratic processes or national governments. † What is interesting to note here is globalization per se does not have anything to do directly either with immigration or the movement of labor across borders. . Globalization had reached its epoch in the 19th century when there was interaction between European powers, the global European colonies, and lately the U. S. After the Second World War, the advancing of technology had enhanced it. It only takes to go back in history and visit some of the old civilizations such the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty of China the Silk Road had facilitated its commercial activity globally. It is also possible to look at the earlier Muslim traders and explorers that had created a global commercial interaction. The Mongol Empire had also contributed to globalization by making its presence felt in all the areas it was conquering and putting under its control. In recent years, especially after World War Two those who were in charge that include big businesses, politicians, and economists surmise that protectionism was costly and wanted to do something about it. The coming together of such minds helped the coming into the picture of the Breton Woods Conference and in its turn, it was able to usher in establishments that started to operate internationally and received global recognition such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization. This was the outcome of nations agreeing to come up with international trade organizations that will regulate global trade among member nations that have agreed to reduce tariff, as well as to open their market for each other. That was the time when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) came forward. Its aim was bringing down tariff and trade barriers among member nations, by eliminating or mitigating restrictions on the quantity of imports and subsidies given for home producers, as well to make arrangements with member nations as it is needed, to facilitate the flow of goods and capital across borders (MacGillivray, 2006). Overall, globalization focuses on trade more than the pattern of labor movement, whether it triggers migration or not, and its priority always had been the movement of goods and capital and especially how direct foreign investment could be introduced into a given country and what form it will take. It was also working how to apply existing technologies and new ones and how to integrate them with what is taking place around the world so that the outcome will be beneficial for all involved, without putting anyone at a disadvantage. Eventually, the fact that globalization is not only economical but it also has effect on the social and political sphere of the participating nations was also recognized. There had been also a change in the methods used to measure globalization using the above-mentioned indices such as the size of the flow of goods and capital. The new method introduced to measure a nation’s globalization level requires looking at the flow of the economic activity, the prevalent restrictions and barriers in a given nation, in whatever form they are. The kind of information flow that is permissible, including what kind of business interaction is taking place, and the kind of cultural intermixing that is taking place are also part of the method (Kitching, 2001). What this leads to, as the latest developments attested is to a free trade zone among nations that are in a close proximity, as well as among global trading partners, in spite of their geographical proximity. Advantages cited for such arrangements include, it brings about economical prosperity to those who join hands, could enhance civil liberty, as well as it could introduce an effective resource allocation. The advantage in fact extends into lowering prices, could create more employment, and could introduce higher output, resulting in raising the standard of living of the people in the participating nations. Those who support globalization claim that this kind of laissez-faire arrangement of trade will introduce some kind of economic freedom in the long run by enhancing democratic governance and capitalism, which are at the root of the system of the advanced regions. In addition, the members of such advanced regions would benefit from a much higher material wealth that will come into existence through the process. Numerous advantages had been attained because of globalization in such a way that it had ceased to be only the removal of trade barriers and creating favorable trade conditions among the advanced nations. Developing nations especially in the Americas had been benefited after the introduction of free trade agreements such as North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that included a developing nation such as Mexico that had seen both advantages and disadvantages because of the introduction of free trade agreement where all barriers on trades had been removed and goods and capital could flow freely among the member countries. There are also Asian countries that had come together under the Association of South Asian Nations (ASEAN) that are among the developing nations benefited from the globalization that they introduced among themselves. There are also many developed countries that are being given preferential treatment by advanced regions by giving them a preferential trade agreement where some of the tariffs could be eliminated or could be reduced allowing these developing nation a better access to the markets of the advanced nations. Such measures alone have brought about changes where they have introduced many improvements. Among the improvements that were brought about through better trade arrangements that enabled the developing nations to export more of their products with minimum tariff or without any tariff into the advanced markets is income inequality, for the obvious reason where now commodities could not only command a better price but there is market for them outside of the usually depressed home market. When the standard of living of people in a given region is improving it is obvious that aspects such as life expectancy and infant mortality could be improved and that is exactly what had happened in most of the developing nations that were taking advantage of the liberalizing and globalizing of trade. Other areas such as democracy, universal suffrage, feminism, literacy, child labor, the use of electricity and other electronic gadgets had gotten a substantial boost because the dwellers of these regions are getting a boost from the economic activity created by globalization. Globalization also has other advantages especially with its latest version where new introductions had surpassed the stage of opening once border for trading partners without any barrier had. Big corporations from the advanced regions had their eyes on the cheap labor of the developing countries for a long time and had started outsourcing work by opening businesses there. That in fact had been the major breakthrough of globalization where an unprecedented level of employments had come into existence in the developing regions even if what they pay is miniscule when compared with what they are paying in their own country of origin or if they have to open business in other much advanced regions. The outsourcing itself had created enough problems in the nations where the jobs are migrating from by taking away good paying jobs abroad. The unionized and highly militant local workers who are demanding higher share of what the businesses are generating remain behind stranded and without equivalent job opportunity, the main reason why many businesses started outsourcing their work to locations where the labor is cheap. Those nations that are allowing these multinationals to open businesses, of course, are creating employment at a very high scale that could transform a given developing region into a high earning workforce. However, not all of these economic activities are without their disadvantages. Some are claiming that such huge economic activities have raised the poverty level, introduced inequality, injustice, and have eroded some traditions in the regions where they are taking place (Colombia University). It is very difficult to substantiate such claims even if it had been obvious that those who are in the countries of origin of the outsourced countries had been at a disadvantage to the point where the only sector that offered them job opportunity was low paying service jobs. Nevertheless, in the countries these jobs are relocating they are a source of new income that was not in existence and a windfall the involved nations cannot bring into existence by their own. The fact that any economic activity will introduce new changes is undeniable and it is possible to look at a handful of new changes that would occur. Other than that, many nations have taken advantage of globalization and have changed their economic and social status permanently while others are struggling to repeat the same feat. Therefore, overall, the recent development in globalization, even if it had availed an unprecedented advantage to those who have the money and the resources and of course, put those who are losing their lucrative well-paying jobs to regions where labor is cheap at a disadvantage, it had been found more beneficial (UOC). Immigration Immigration on the other hand is when people leave the country they were born in and change location outside of their country of origin to live and work, mostly long term. There are various reasons why people choose to immigrate and one of them is economical, although it does not have a direct correlation with globalization. Statistics has it that one-third or close to 190 million people around the world were immigrants in the year 2005. What contributes to immigration could fall into two main categories. The first category is â€Å"pull†, which means there has to be something, somewhere that attracts people and the major catalyst in the pull category is economics where people would like to immigrate somewhere they believe they will get a better chance of finding work. The pull reason cannot be limited to economic reasons even if for the majority of immigrants their main attraction is job opportunity and leading a better life than they have at home, for both themselves and their family members. The â€Å"push† aspect of immigration on the other hand is that there could be certain aspect that would force people to leave the place of their birth to find a new home that will offer them better than what they have at home in a form of employment, business opportunity, finding good health care for themselves as well as their family, good education for themselves and their families and at the same time to get away from political or religious problems at home whey they could have been persecuted. These are the major reasons that are the cause of immigration, as there are minor reasons where immigrants might want to be with their families abroad and the like. Not every country or geographical location is fit for immigration and the best location for immigrants for hundreds of years had been the Americas that did not relent since the discovery of huge landmass in the Americas. Most probably that would be the highest wave of immigration recorded in history, as many people were able to find their way to these regions unobstructed and often the European powers were facilitating their going to these regions every since they had discovered and started controlling these regions. The same is applicable today as the U. S. alone is receiving around one million immigrants on a yearly basis. The only difference is the origin of the immigrants is not only Europe as it used to be when the nations in the Americas started to be established. Currently, immigrants could originate from anywhere in the world. Even if the improved law whose pattern and requirement is constantly changing, still the borders of the U. S. and Canada are open and Canada at least allows up to 200,000 immigrants yearly that could originate from anywhere in the globe and some of them could be investors or entrepreneurs with capital. Mexico, China, India, and Philippines had been the leading countries where the new immigrants are originating from (Asia Pacific). Largely in the U. S. , there are those labeled as illegal immigrants that are in the country mostly to work illegally. Their main source of their origin is South and Central America although the majority of them could be from Mexico where the estimated number of illegal immigrants could reach one and half million. Without accounting for this group, the U. S. population had swollen by 2. 8 million people just between 2004 and 2005 revealing the influx has become worrisome to the U. S. administration that is coming up with various mechanisms to at least curb the number of illegal immigrants from countries such as Mexico. Just to reveal the effect of the influx in one of the western states of the U. S. California, the non-Hispanic whites who were at 80% in the 1970s now had come down to 43% in 2006.

Theoretical Mass of Ethyl-p Aminohenzoic Acid | Experiment

Theoretical Mass of Ethyl-p Aminohenzoic Acid | Experiment The yield obtained through this experiment is 63 of the theoretical mass of ethyl-p aminohenzoic acid. There are few events that could be improved in order to issue the amount of yield obtained. First of all, the quality of reagent used is relatively small to acquire a good percentage of the product. In order for a greater percentage yield to be attainted this experiment, a great amount of reagent should be used. Beside s, that the product is transferred into too many containers repeatedly. This causes a lost in product between the transfers. Therefore, fewer transfer of product should be done in this experiment to obtain higher percentage of yield. Moreover,. Even though it was only a small portion, it is still decrease the amount of purified yield obtained.. Furthermore, more precautions should be taken while performing recrystallization such as adding as little methanol as possible. The yield can be improved by maximizing the formation of crystals. More crystals can be formed by s cratching the bottom of the Erlenmeyer flask with a glass rod and adding a crystals seed into the solution. To add on, it should be given enough time for crystals to be found while the flask is placed in the ice water bath. Through this, more yields can be acquired. What is the advantage of using absolute ethanol rather than using 95% ethanol in this experiment? If the 95% ethanol was used the little amount of water present in the diluted ethanol can prevent ester formation. This is because easter the presence of water could drive the reaction to the left. i.e. instead of acids becoming esters from the Alkyl group, the esters can become acids because of the hydrogen from the water. Therefore, the use of absolute ethanol is preferred which will drive the reaction to right, rather than using any forms of diluted ethanol that could only negatively influence reaction for ester formation. Why it is important to add the sulfuric acid drop wise to the ethanolic solution of p-aminobenzoic acid? Sulfuric acid has been proven to be the most efficient catalyst for esterification. Water is a product of the esterification reaction, where increase in water quantity would the reverse reaction and decrease the yield of the reaction. But when the reaction is performed in the presence of a concentrated sulfuric acid (hydrophyllic), it will perform as a dehydration agent that will absorb the water molecules by produced from the reaction. So in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst, the reaction will be driven towards the right side, which is preferable to yield more ester. The reason for adding this concentric acid in drop wise is mainly to avoid the extreme reaction of the acid with the water. Because, if excessive water was produced from the ethanolic solution of p-aminobenzoic acid, the sudden addition of large quantity of concentrated sulfuric acid could lead to extreme reaction with this excessive water, and result to a large amount of heat(exothermic). This is not safe and harmful in particular due to the use of concentrated sulphuric acid. In contrast, if acid was added as drops, the reaction will be still happening in the solution though will be limited only to a smaller extent. Therefore such procedure is preferable to maintain better control. Another advantage of using drop wise adding of the acid would permit us to control the acidity of the final resultant. Because, if the acid content is increased in the final solution the subsequent neutralization process happens in the presence of an alkaline would lead to an extreme reaction. Therefore adding drop wise acid is essential to control the acidity of the solution, so the stability of the reaction can be maintained throughout. The structure of the solid formed when the concentrated sulphuric acid is added to the solution of p-aminobenzoic acid Fischer esterification mechanism Why it is important that all of the solids dissolve during the reflux period for a good yield of product? The solid precipitate after cooling down could be unreached benzoic acid. i.e, not all the solvents are participated in the reaction to produce Benzocaine. This could happen if the amount of the ethanol is too low. But most of occasions this will be mainly due to the lack reaction between the available methanol. This can be however avoided by stirring the mixture to swift the reaction. Thus, in order to get good yield of ester, all the precipitants of the mixture have to be dissolved in the first place. However, this is not possible in most of the occasions. Why is it important to neutralize the reaction mixture during the work-up When acid is added to the reaction mixture after refluxing, the amino group is protonated, making it soluble in water. When the Na2CO3 is added, the proton is removed and makes the benzocaine is no longer soluble. Thus it begins to precipitate out of solution when the reaction mixture is neutralized. Thus it is important neutralize the moisture in order to filter out the ester from the mixture, which otherwise will be in a dissolved state hence would not be recoverable. Assuming it was necessary to add an additional portion of concentrated sulfuric acid, calculate about how much 10% aqueous sodium carbonate would be required to neutralize the reaction mixture. While the experiment 28.6 ml of sodium carbonate need to neutralized the 18M sulfuric acid. So the add of the other potion 0.5 ml of sulfuric acid What is the gas evolved during the neutralization? In presence of sulfuric acid p-amino benzoic acid reacts with ethanol to form ethyl p-aminobenzoate. The reaction medium contains the sulfuric acid and this was neutralized with sodium bicarbonate. Thus the gas evolved during the reaction between the acid and base is carbon dioxide (CO2).

Analyze The Performance Of Maybank Group Finance Essay

Analyze The Performance Of Maybank Group Finance Essay 3.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the researcher will look at the history of Maybank group as a whole besides that, the researcher will also review and analyze the performance of Maybank group and also Islamic product that been offered by Maybank Islamic Berhad. COMPANY HISTORY 3.2.1 Maybank Maybank was incorporated on 31 May 1960 and began operations on 12 September in the same year, rising from the spirit of Independence to pave the way for dynamic change in the countrys banking and financial landscape. Our founders were visionary in their desire to see Maybank grow to excel both in the domestic market and in the region. Over the years, Maybank has led an aggressive drive to expand network and maximize reach. The Group has consistently set new benchmarks in product and service delivery by achieving many firsts in the industry such as rural credit scheme, cards services, corporate and investment banking, mobile banking services, internet banking and Islamic banking. Maybank operates through an extensive network of over 1,700 offices in 14 countries including 7 in South East Asia. The Group is represented in the major financial centres of London, New York, Hong Kong and Singapore. 3.2.2 Maybank Islamic Maybank Islamic Berhad, a wholly-owned subsidiary and the Islamic banking arm of the Maybank Group, is the largest Islamic bank in Malaysia. It started its initial operations offering Islamic financial services through a window concept in 1993 and later converged to full-fledged Islamic banking operations on 1 January 2008. With a breadth of more than 17 years experience in the Islamic banking and finance, Maybank Islamic has been regarded as the leading Islamic bank in the Asia Pacific region and ranks among the worlds top 15 Islamic financial institutions. Today, Maybank Islamic proudly stands above its peers in the home market with Shariah-compliant assets of more than USD12 billion commanding significant market share in financing and deposits of over 24% and 21% respectively. Maybank Islamic believes that serving the needs of customers is a priority and as such it is committed to provide a wide array of Shariah-compliant financial products and services to suit its customers preference and choices. Apart from commercial banking offered by Maybank Islamic, Maybank Groups Islamic investment banking and capital market business are offered through Maybank Investment Bank and selected overseas offices in major financial centres of Bahrain, London, Singapore and the international offshore financial centre of Labuan. As an industry icon, Maybank Islamic is committed to scaling new heights as reflected in the way the Bank operates its business, the way its deliver products and services to customers and in the way the Bank engages more than 25,000 Maybankers across its home country as well as its business partners and stakeholders globally 3.3 OBJECTIVE OF ESTABLISHMENT The objectives of the establishment of Maybank Islamic Berhad are as follows: 1. To continues as a Market Leader in Islamic banking field in the aspect of products and services. 2. Introduced the financial product that is based on MM concept as a an alternative to current the BBA product 3. Introduced the financial product that is based on Ijarah Mutahiah Bittamlek 4. Introduced the management of investment in an Islamic way 5. Involved in asset management in an openly way 6. Introduced Islamic card credit 7. Actively involved in Murabahah commodity product BOARD OF DIRECTORS Dato Seri Ismail Shahudin Dato Seri Ismail Shahudin was appointed as a Director and Chairman of Maybank Islamic on 23 January 2010. He was Chairman of Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad from 2004 until his retirement in July 2008. He has held senior positions in Citibank, serving both in Malaysia and New York, United Asian Bank and Maybank where he was appointed Executive Director in 1997. He left Maybank in 2002 to assume the position of Group Chief Executive Officer of MMC Corporation Berhad prior to his appointment to the Board of Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad. His current directorships in companies within the Maybank Group include as Director of Maybank Berhad. He serves as Chairman of the Nomination and Remuneration Committee and as a member of the Credit Review, Risk Management, and Employee Share Option Scheme Committees of Maybank Berhad. Tan Sri Datuk Dr Hadenan bin A. Jalil Tan Sri Datuk Dr Hadenan bin A. Jalil was appointed as a Director of Maybank Islamic on 23 January 2010. Tan Sri Datuk Dr Hadenan bin A. Jalil was Auditor General from 2000 to 2006. He served with the Government for 36 years in various capacities in the Treasury, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Works prior to his appointment as Auditor General. His current directorships in companies within the Maybank Group include as Director of Maybank Berhad. He serves as Chairman of the Audit Committee and as a member of the Credit Review, Nomination and Remuneration, and Employee Share Option Scheme Committees of Maybank Berhad. Zainal Abidin Jamal Zainal Abidin Jamal was appointed as a Director of Maybank Islamic on 23 January 2010. He is a practicing corporate and commercial lawyer and established his firm, Zainal Abidin Co, in 1987, where he is a Senior Partner. He was enrolled as an Advocate Solicitor of the High Court of Malaya in 1986. Between 1983 and 1986, he served as the Company Secretary of Harrisons Malaysian Plantations Berhad. Prior to that, he had practiced in Singapore where he was enrolled in 1980 as an Advocate and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Singapore and had also served as a First Class Magistrate in Brunei Darussalam. His current directorships in companies within the Maybank Group include as Chairman of Mayban Trustees Berhad and Director of Maybank Berhad, a Director of Etiqa Insurance Berhad, Etiqa Takaful Berhad, Maybank International (L) Limited, and Mayban International Trust (L) Ltd. Datuk Dr. Syed Othman bin Syed Hussin Alhabshi Datuk Dr. Syed Othman bin Syed Hussin Alhabshi was appointed as a Director of Maybank Islamic on 30 January 2008. Datuk Dr. Syed Othamn has vast experience as an academician. He held various academic leadership and research post at International Islamic University of Malaysia, University Utara Malaysia, University Tun Abdul Razak and Institute of Islamic Understanding of Malaysia before he assumed responsibility as the Professor of Islamic Economics, Chief Academic Officer and Head of Takaful at International Centre for Education in Islamic Finance (INCEIF). Datuk Dr. Syed Othman is a director of Etiqa Takaful Berhad. He is also a director of Prima Prai Sdn Bhd, Epen Bina Sdn Bhd and Universiti Teknikal MARA Sdn Bhd. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES IN MAYBANK ISLAMIC Home Equity-i HomeEquity-i is a shariah compliant home financing plan based on the Musharakah Mutanaqisah or diminishing partnership concept. Maybank Islamic (the bank) and applicant enter into a joint partnership with bank to raise capital for acquiring a property. Both parties become joint property owners with shares allotment based on amount of capital contributed. Maybank Islamic releases its shares to applicant who gradually acquires banks ownership of the property with monthly payments made over an agreed time period thereby diminishing the banks share till property is fully owned by applicant. Home Fianancing -i BBA is defined as deferred payment sale. BBA involves the sale and purchase transactions between the bank and the customer. Under this concept, customers may defer total payment of asset which is the property in installments over a specific period of time. Fixed payment that shows exactly what customers need to pay throughout the tenure. useful for those working on a monthly budget. MaxiHome-i MaxiHome-i refers to Home Financing under Variable Rate Financing (VRF). Maxihome Loan Packages cater to the needs of individuals and small businesses, including financing the purchase of new properties, sub-sales, refinancing, redraws and remortgages. This product is applied under the concepts of Bai Bithaman Ajil (BBA). BBA is defined as deferred payment sale. BBA involves the sale purchase transactions between the bank and the customer. Under this concept, customers may defer total payment of the property in installments over a specific period of time. ShophouseEquity-i ShophouseEquity-i is a shariah compliant home financing plan based on the Musharakah Mutanaqisah or diminishing partnership concept. Maybank Islamic and applicant enter into a joint partnership with bank to raise capital for acquiring a property.Both parties become joint property owners with shares allotment based on amount of capital contributed. Maybank Islamic releases its shares to applicant who gradually acquires banks ownership of the property with monthly payments made over an agreed time period thereby diminishing the banks share till property is fully owned by applicant. Shop house Financing-i A fixed rate financing for shop houses currently being practiced under the concept of Bai Bithaman Ajil (BBA), Shop house Financing-i is recommended especially for homebuyers who prefer a fixed monthly budget where you know exactly how much to pay throughout the tenure, whether by a single instalment sum or in-line with the multi-tiered rates. MaxiShop-i MaxiShop-i refers to Shophouse Financing-i under Variable Rate Financing (VRF). MaxiShop Loan Packages catering to the needs of individuals and small businesses, including financing the purchase of new commercial properties, sub-sales, refinancing, redraws and remortgages. The scope of commercial properties under MaxiShop includes shop houses, shop offices, commercial lots in shopping complex, office lots, factories, industrial buildings. This product is applied under the concepts of Bai Bithaman Ajil (BBA). BBA is defined as deferred payment sale. BBA involves the sale purchase transactions between the bank and the customer. Under this concept, customers may defer total payment of the property in installments over a specific period of time. Variable Rate Financing (VRF) CASH LINE -i (OVERDRAFT) Murabahah  is another type of sale and purchase contract, with a deferred payment element. The contract of sale may take place when a buyer who wishes to purchase assets, requests the Bank to purchase assets at cost (purchase price) and in return the Bank will charge the buyer an agreed profit margin which is incorporated into the selling price. The selling price is subsequently payable on a deferred single payment. ExeCash-i Standard ExeCash-i Standard package is an Islamic Personal Term Financing under the Shariah principle of  Bai Inah  (sale with immediate repurchase).  Bai Inah  is a buy and sell contract whereby Maybank Islamic (the Bank) would sell its assets to the applicant on deferred payment basis. Subsequently, Maybank Islamic (the Bank) would buy back the same asset from the applicant at a lower price on cash basis. Under  Bai Inah  concept, Maybank Islamic will use its asset as an underlying asset for the sale and purchase transactions. ExeCash-i Special ExeCash-i Special package is an Islamic Personal Term Financing under the Syariah principle of  Bai Inah  (sale with immediate repurchase).  Bai Inah  is a buy and sell contract whereby Maybank Islamic (the Bank) would sell its assets to the applicant on deferred payment basis. Subsequently, Maybank Islamic (the Bank) would buy back the same asset from the applicant at a lower price on cash basis. ExeCash-i for GLC ExeCash-i for GLC is an Islamic Personal Term Financing under the Shariah principle of  Bai Inah  (sale with immediate repurchase).  Bai Inah  is a buy and sell contract whereby Maybank Islamic (the Bank) would sell its assets to the applicant on deferred payment basis. Subsequently, Maybank Islamic (the Bank) would buy back the same asset from the applicant at a lower price on cash basis. The  ExeCash-i for Government Linked Companies (GLC)  provides financing without collateral to meet any of your personal needs. KOWAMAS KOWAMAS is an Islamic Personal Term Financing under the Syariah principle of  Bai Inah  (sale with immediate repurchase).  Bai Inah  is a buy and sell contract whereby Maybank Islamic (the Bank) would sell its assets to the applicant on deferred payment basis. Subsequently, Maybank Islamic (the Bank) would buy back the same asset from the applicant at a lower price on cash basis.The personal financing package for  Koperasi Wawasan Malaysia Berhad (KOWAMAS)  provides financing without collateral to meet any of your personal need. Hire Purchase-i Hire Purchase-i is based on the underlying Shariah principle of Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bai (AITAB). It means leasing and subsequent purchase. It refers to 2 contracts undertaken separately and consequentially i.e.  Al-Ijarah  contract (leasing) and  Al-Baicontract (purchase). It is an extension of the principle of  Al-Ijarah  whereby both parties further agreed that at the end of the lease period, the customer will purchase from the Bank the asset concerned at an agreed price with all the lease rentals previously paid constituting part of the price. Operations of Hire Purchase-i are based on Hire Purchase Act 1967 whereby all provisions that conform to Shariah requirement are applicable. Maybankinvest-i Maybankinvest-i is an alternative Share Trading / Financing package from Maybank that is based on the Shariah principle of Murabahah. Under this contract, Maybank agrees to finance your share trading activities in approved Shariah counters listed in Bursa Malaysia. ASB Financing-i ASB Financing-i is another form of term financing to purchase ASB unit trust based on Shariah principles of  Bai Inah  (sales with immediate repurchase) 3.6 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MAYBANK ISLAMIC BERHAD The performance of Maybank Islamic Berhad are analyzed from the information that have been obtained from overall performance data of Maybank Maybank Islamic just been setup recently , thus the performance will be measured along with the parent company, all of the performance regarding loan that had been published and other information are depend from the performance of Maybank. The only thing that is separated is total net income and operational income of a Maybank Islamic  [1]  . The analyses that have been done by the researcher are from the analysis of a Maybank itself. It includes various information of a bank performance as a whole that gave a clearer picture about the important information regarding total asset, total liability, total loan and various more. Besides that, there is also analysis of a statement of income that includes the performance of Maybank Islamic. 3.6.1 Total Assets  [2]   For the financial year ended 30 June 2010, outstanding assets of the Group expanded by 8.4% or RM26.0 billion resulting the total asset of group at RM 336,700 Million while at the Bank level, it increased 4.2% or RM10.1 billion to record an amount of RM 248,392 Million . For the previous year, the corresponding growth rates were 15.5% at Group level and 8.7% at Bank level. The bulk of the Groups growth in assets was derived from the expansion of net loans and advances which grew by RM19.8 billion or 10.6% and RM7.0 billion or 4.9% for the Group and the Bank respectively. As at end of June 2010, net loans and advances represented 61.0% of total Group assets, higher than the 59.8% as at the end of June 2009. 3.6.2 Securities purchased under resale agreements  [3]   Securities purchased under resale agreements are securities which the Group and the Bank had purchased with a commitment to resell at future dates. The commitments to resell the securities are reflected as assets on the balance sheet. Conversely, obligations on securities sold under repurchase agreements are securities which the Group and the Bank had sold from its portfolio, with a commitment to repurchase at future dates. Such financing transactions and corresponding obligations to purchase the securities are reflected as liabilities on the balance sheet. As at end June 2010, the Group held RM371.2 million of securities purchased under resale agreements. 3.6.3 Deposits and Placements with Financial Institutions  [4]   The Groups deposits and placements with financial institutions grew by RM2.6 billion to RM8.9 billion or 41.5% as Customer deposits growth outpaced the growth in loans and advances. 3.6.4 Life, General Takaful and Family Takaful Fund Assets  [5]   After a growth of 7% or RM1.1 billion in the previous year, this balance sheet item grew by a similar 7% to RM18.0 billion as at end of June 2010 3.6.5 Securities Portfolio  [6]   The investment securities portfolio of the Group decreased by RM3.6 billion or 6.2% mainly due to a reduction of shorter tenor Available-for-Sale holding (RM5.2 billion) as interest rates were expected to rise in the first half of 2010. Securities Held-for-Trading increased by RM1.2 billion which was partially offset by the reduction in Available-for-Sale portfolio. Around 79% of the securities portfolio comprised of securities Available-for-Sale and further 16.5% securities Held-to-Maturity while 4.9% of the securities portfolio is Held-for-Trading. 3.6.6 Loans, Advances and Financing  [7]   The Groups net loans and financing for financial year of 2010 expanded by 10.6% or RM19.8 billion compared to 12.9% or RM21.2 billion the previous financial year. The Groups gross loans grew 10.3% compared to 13.0% the previous year with domestic and overseas loans growth of 11.0% and 8.8% respectively. The domestic operations growth of 11.0% was better than the 6.5% recorded in the previous year as consumer loans expanded by 15.0% on the back of the RM3.3 billion or 28.6% growth in securities loans, mainly for the purchase of relatively low-risk Amanah Saham Bumiputera units, and the RM2.6 billion or 13.2% increase in vehicle loans. The Groups overall domestic loans market share stood at 17.6% compared to 17.8% the previous year. Mortgage loans grew by RM3.1 billion or 9.8% compared to 3.3% in the previous year with market share at 13.4% compared to 13.9% the previous year. Credit card receivables for the financial year rose RM0.6 billion or 16.0%, outperforming the industrys 11.3% growth leading to market share rising to 12.8% from 12.7% the previous year. Automobile financing for domestic operations recorded a growth of 12.2% compared to 11.0% in the previous financial year and outperformed the industrys growth of 8.5%. With growth exceeding the industry, the market share for financing of motor vehicles rose to 17.4% from 16.8% in June 2009. As at June 2010, the overseas operations loan book accounted for 32.3% of the Groups loan base from 32.8% in the previous year. The gross loans book for Singapore recorded a growth of 3.4% or RM1.3 billion after registering a growth of 6.2% in 2009. While for Indonesia, mainly due to Bank Internasional Indonesia, gross loans grew 37.7% or RM4.7 billion to RM17.1 billion. In the other overseas locations, total gross loans declined 3.7% or RM0.4 billion mainly due to the reduction in loan exposure in the US and United Kingdom following the financial crisis. The Groups Islamic gross financing and advances grew by 31.2% or RM8.2 billion during the year. Islamic banking constitutes a growing portion of the Groups banking business, accounting for 16.3% of gross loans and financing from 13.7% the previous year. Islamic gross financing accounted for 24.0% of domestic gross loans, rising from 20.3% recorded in the previous year. Sustained efforts implemented to continuously improve asset qual ity have been effective. The Groups gross NPL ratio declined to 2.9% from 3.5% the previous year. The Groups net NPL ratio declined to 1.2% from 1.6% the previous year. The Groups net NPLs declined by RM0.5 billion to RM2.3 billion as at June 2010. The Groups NPL reserve cover (net of IIS) rose to a healthy 124.5% compared to 112.9% the previous year. 3.7 Deposits from Customers  [8]   The Groups customer deposits expanded by 11.4% or RM24.3 billion to RM236.9 billion while at the Bank level it grew by RM7.3% or RM11.9 billion to RM175.4 billion. The Groups strong franchise contributed to a growth of 9.1% for demand deposits and 9.9% for savings deposits. The Banks domestic operations remained the leader in both demand and savings deposits with market shares of 20.7% and 27.4% compared to 21.3% and 26.6% respectively in the previous year. Fixed deposits grew by 10.0% compared to 12.3% in the previous year. The Groups overall deposit funding mix improved slightly as the Groups higher cost fixed deposits declined to 55.1% of total customer deposits from 55.8% in June 2009 3.6.8 Deposits and Placements of Financial Institutions  [9]   This item fell by 19.2% or RM5.5 billion due to increase in deposits from customers (RM24 billion) which resulted in less sourcing of funds from interbank market. 3.6.9 Shareholders Equity  [10]   The Groups shareholders equity rose by 12.0% or RM3.0 billion to RM27.9 billion. The increase was mainly due to increase in retained profits for the year. 3.6.10 Net Interest Income  [11]   Net interest income of the Group increased by RM851.4 million or 14.4%. The average net interest margin was 2.82% from 2.72% the previous year due to lower interest expenses in the Malaysian operations, especially interest expenses from fixed deposits, and lower interest expenses in the Singapore operations as well as full year contribution from Bank Internasional Indonesia (BII) for financial year of 2010. 3.6.11 Islamic Banking  [12]   Net income from the Groups Islamic banking operations increased by RM210.4 million or 17.2% to RM1.4 billion. The increase was mainly due to growth of assets in Islamic business, specifically hire purchase and residential mortgages. 3.6.12 Overhead Expenses  [13]   The Groups overheads expenses rose by RM852.9 million or 15.3% over that of the corresponding year as a result of an increase in personnel cost, full-year contribution from BII and expansion of BII, higher establishment costs, and credit card related expenses due to higher transaction, volume. The Groups cost to income ratio declined to 49.8% from 52.8% previously as net income growth outpaced the growth in expenses. Personnel costs increased by RM364 million or 14.3% due to an increase in salary, EPF, bonus and training. Establishment costs increased by RM66.2 million as a result of higher cost from depreciation and rental. On a comparable basis, the Groups adjusted cost to income ratio (without insurance claims and unrealised loss) would be 47.8% against 49.1% for the previous financial year. 3.6.13 Loan and Financing Loss and Provisions  [14]   Loan loss and provisions of the Group amounted to RM1.2 billion, which is RM510.8 million or 30.1% lower than that of the previous year. This decrease was primarily due to high general provisions made in the final quarter of financial year end of 2009 resulting from the weak global economic situation. 3.6.13 Taxation  [15]   The effective tax rate of the Group is 26.1% which is higher than the statutory rate of 25% mainly due to non-deductible expenses. 3.7 CONCLUSION From the analysis it clearly shows that the financial performance of Maybank Islamic experienced a strong growth. The increasing of the loan product especially individual loan and also with the stable increase of total income after tax , in addition to that the reducing of non performing loan portrayed the growth of Maybank Islamic especially their financial performance . According to a rough estimation from the analysis, it clearly shows that Maybank Islamic can compete with other Islamic banking institution. Based on the total asset that is increasing yearly and non performing loans that are reducing, it portrayed that the total net asset of Maybank Islamic are going stronger. Besides that, the increasing of individual loan shows that this institution gaining the trust of the community. Although there is a slight fall in Islamic deposit, but it is mainly because of Islamic debt and sukuk debt that occur outside of the country resulting the cost of fund to increase, and it is not because of a belief of a people about Islamic product offered by Maybank Islamic are not interesting enough. As a conclusion, Maybank Islamic Berhad has a strong position in their field as their finance and asset position are really good.

Mystery in Charlotte Brontes Napoleon and the Spectre and Charles Dick

Mystery in Charlotte Bronte's "Napoleon and the Spectre" and Charles Dickens' "Signalman" The two stories that I have been studying are 'Napoleon and the Spectre' and the 'Signalman' written by Charlotte Bronte and Charles Dickens respectively. Both the stories are set in the nineteenth century, a period of time when the country was experiencing rapid change. Bronte's story 'Napoleon and the Spectre' is a story about the Emperor of France who at that time was a leading figure in society, a symbol and trademark of France's important position in the world. Napoleon was a gallant and valiant soldier and he supposedly murdered General Pichegru. In the story Napoleon comes in to contact with a strange supernatural creature who entices him and takes him on a deeply strange tour of the streets of Paris. Napoleon allows himself to be taken on this tour partly due to his courageousness and the fact that the ghost exerts a power over him, encouraging him on with enticing remarks such as, 'Follow me Napoleon and though shall seek more.' With Bronte's story being on one side of the spectrum Dickens is on the other as it tells a completely different type of story. It is once again set in roughly the same period of time when the civilized world was in the middle of a period of great change as the country was gripped in the Industrial Revolution. The Revolution saw the beginning of the steam railway, the introduction of telegraphs and the availability of electricity, all this was the catalyst for the class divide to become more exaggerated, with the poor getting poorer and the rich getting richer. It was also the period in which people were still generally strict Christians and Catholics, sceptical to anything n... ...r particularly interested in what the eventual outcome of the story will be. I feel it doesn't meet the necessary criteria to be a good short story, it is not entertaining nor exciting, but more a social/historical commentary of that time. Dickens saw it as his role to write about the plight of the poor and under privileged and wanted to encourage people to think about social inequalities. Where 'Signalman' has its short comings, Bronte's 'Napoleon and the Spectre' meets the criteria perfectly, it is short, has the necessary excitement and action to have an impact on the reader, which is what the aim of a short story should be. Bronte sensationalises a public figure and portrays him as a 'bad' man, consequently it could be said that this story also carries a moral in that we should be accountable for our actions no matter what our position in life may be.

Rape and Intimate Partner Abuse Essay examples -- Sex Crimes

In every 45 seconds, someone is sexually violated in the United States. Out of every 6 women, one has experienced an attempted rape or complete rape. Lesbians and bisexual women remain at increased risk of sexual victimization compared to heterosexual women. In order for a woman to determine the direction of her life, she must first determine her sexuality. Sexuality is a deep, integral part of any human’s life. This should not be a subject of coercion or debate. The society must recognize that a woman has the right to freely pre-determine her sexuality without oppression and discrimination (Burn, 2004). Traditionally, women throughout history and culture have undertaken the role of independent, non-heterosexual, women-connected existence. Lesbianism according to ancient literature review has always existed. The practice has always been unacceptable and deviant. Lesbians are subjected to rape more often than other women. Worldwide, lesbians are subjected to verbal and physical abuse. In most cultures, lesbianism occurs prior to heterosexual marriages. These facts were gathered by Faderman in 1981. Female-female romantic relationships were found in European communities since the 17th century through the early 20th century after studying the fiction and poetry written during this period (Burn, 2004). Today, many societies view bisexuality and homosexuality as a sickness. The societies deny their existence entirely. However, biologists and psychologists believe that both are mere instances of many human variations. After successful lobbying by gay and lesbian political organizations in 1974, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) eliminated homosexuality from its list of mental disorder. The APA now takes the position that homos... ...(2010). External Barriers to Help-Seeking Encountered by Canadian Gay and Lesbian Victims of Intimate Partner Abuse: An Application of the Barriers Model. Violence and Victims, Vol. 25(4), 536-552. Pinto, S. (2012). Intimate Partner Violence: Sexual Abuse. CINHAL Nursing Guide. 1-2. Renzetti, C. M. (1996). The Poverty of Services for Battered Lesbians. Journal of gay and Lesbian Social Services, Vol. 4, pp 61-68. Tigert, L. M. (2001). The Power of Shame: Lesbian Battering as a Manifestation of Homophobia. Women & Therapy, Vol. 23, pp 73-85. Walters, M. L. (2011). Straighten up and Act Like a Lady: A Qualitative Study of Lesbian Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Service. Vol. 23, pp 250-270. West, C. M. (2002). Lesbian Intimate Partner Violence: Prevalence and Dynamics. Journal of Lesbian Studies, Vol. 6(1), pp 121-127.

Reasons for private tutoring in Egypt

Reasons for Private Tutoring in Egypt When it comes to education systems, Egypt has so many major problems. For Instance, the educational budget is too tight and the education itself is totally ignored by the government officials. Also, the courses are outdated and prehistoric. But the most terrible problem is the problem of private tutoring. Teachers, schools and students are to blame for this problem. First, the blame usually falls on the teachers.For one thing, some of them Just show up In class once at the beguiling of the school year and teach very well to attract students to their private lessons but never appear again in class. In Dalton, some of the teachers may force their students to Join the private lessons by saying: † Never dream of passing the participation test unless you Join my private lessons! † Another thing, teachers sometimes aren't well-trained. Therefore, they badly teach at class and eventually make the students resort to private lessons.Second, sc hools are also to blame for the problem of private tutoring. For example, public schools aren't well-equipped. You rarely see a well-organized computer or science lab in it. The classes are very old and unhealthy. They're also very crowded to the extent that you might see 50 or 60 dents accumulated in one class. Also, public schools lack activities that can help motivate students and develop their characters. Finally, there are reasons that make students resort to private lessons. For example, some of them can't understand what's being taught in class.Also, parents put so much pressure on their children. They keep asking them to be on top of the class and to Join top faculties. Furthermore, nowadays finding a Job is a very competitive process. Thus, students have to either become an engineer or a doctor to have comfortable living conditions which can only be achieved through private lessons throughout school years. To sum up, private tutoring is the result of the carelessness of sch ools, the greed of the teachers and taking advantage of the need of the students.Reasons for private tutoring in Egypt By Hager-Eater instance, the educational budget is too tight and the education itself is totally ignored teachers. For one thing, some of them Just show up in class once at the beginning of never appear again in class. In addition, some of the teachers may force their sometimes aren't well-trained. Therefore, they badly teach at class and eventually the problem of private tutoring. For example, public schools aren't well-equipped.

The Water Wars In Central Asia Environmental Sciences Essay

â€Å" Water promises to be to the twenty-first century what oil was to the twentieth century: the cherished trade good that determines the wealth of states † . The 20th century governed states with the kernel of industry – rough oil. Even today it is the focal point of international struggle, ordering a states ability to map in both planetary political relations and the planetary economic system. The 21st century promises to regulate states with the kernel of life – clean H2O. Driven by fickle conditions forms, intensive irrigation, and population force per unit areas, H2O is increasingly going a scarce trade good and is developing into a accelerator of international instability and struggle. An illustration of H2O ‘s ability to impact an country in the 21st century can be found in the Central Asian States, and the dehydration of the Aral Sea. The enlargement of irrigated agricultural land area and hydroelectric power, determined to be the root causes of the Aral Sea catastrophe, have continued due to miss of collaborative action by the freshly independent provinces of the part. The Amu Darya and the Syr Darya supply fresh water to the upstream provinces of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Southeastern Kazakhstan, and the downstream states Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Southwestern Kazakhstan. These states are going progressively competitory over H2O in the part, go forthing the dehydration of natural formations like the Aral Sea as an acceptable cost. The competition over H2O comes from the H2O intensive cotton harvest, which dominates the agribusiness in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Southwestern Kazakhstan. Cotton provides a important foreign currency earn er for the part and is a major supplier of employment, but demands big sums of H2O from the part, which the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers struggle to supply. The indiscriminate usage of H2O to fuel cotton production has been in pattern since the early 1960 ‘s and is doing terrible environmental jobs, such as the drying of the Aral Sea, clime alteration, H2O and dirt salt, and H2O, dirt and air pollution. Increasing poverty, quickly turning populations, and the pattern of â€Å" economic patriotism † alternatively of regional cooperation by the autocratic governments of part, are the ingredients for future tenseness, societal instability, and possible struggle in Central Asia. These developments will be interpreted in a political economic system model, going from the Soviet ‘s forced cotton production, which is analyzed in the 2nd subdivision of this paper. Water is an progressively scarce resource in the part that is under force per unit area stemming from economic involvements, such as hydroelectric coevals and agricultural production. The environmental involvements of biodiversity, bettering supports of the part ‘s population and the resurgence of the Aral Sea are underrepresented and hence unheard. The environmental debasement of the Aral Sea is examined in greater item in the 3rd subdivision of this paper. The dehydration of the Aral Sea has far making effects in the part, impacting the clime and biodiversity. Desert air currents can transport 1000000s of dozenss of contaminated sand and salt from the country that was one time the Aral Sea, and lodge them on agricultural land all over the part. The effects of these polluted sand and salt sedimentations are farther amplified by the hapless drainage systems and the eventful H2O logging, that have caused dirt salt to go an increasing environmental job. Rising salt degrees have cause the ecology of the part to degrade to the point where many countries are going inhospitable, due to the barbarous downward spiral fueled by poorness and environmental debasement. The concluding subdivision critics the institutional model behind the H2O direction of the part. Foregrounding the displacement from a centrally run allotment of H2O by the Ministries of Land Reclamation and Water Resources ( Minvodkhoz ) located in Moscow to more regionally located signifiers of H2O direction, following the prostration of the Soviet Union. Since so it has become imperative that upstream states like Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Southeastern Kazakhstan jointly allocate H2O resources with downstream states like Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Southwestern Kazakhstan. New establishments have been created to supervise this procedure as each twelvemonth, at the presidential degree ; understandings are negotiated to stipulate the sum of H2O allocated to each state. There has been small alteration at the micro-level except in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, where Water Users ‘ Associations ( WUA ) have been established. In both Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, both major consumer s of H2O, the cardinal allotment and direction of H2O is still practiced in the absence of local reforms. The â€Å" usage it or lose it † rule, the result of the Soviet ‘s centrally planned H2O allotment patterns, are still in pattern due to the deficiency of countenances forestalling the abuse or inducements advancing the preservation of H2O. The continued ingestion of H2O at current degrees, coupled with the low efficiency ratios soon practiced, will take to increased degrees of dirt salt and the farther irreversible debasement of the Aral Sea basin. In a divided Central Asia stricken with a deteriorating environment, the scarceness of H2O has lead to increased tensenesss and may, given clip, lead to serious struggle. Many in the part believe that entree to H2O is â€Å" God-Given, † which contributes to the local authorities ‘s deficiency of concrete action against the current scarceness confronting the part, that is itself semisynthetic. Merely reduced and more efficient ingestion of H2O in Aral Sea basin supervised by efficient micro and macro-organizations, coupled with interregional cooperation, would be able to come on the part to a sustainable hereafter.The Soviet ‘s Management of WaterThe former Soviet Central Asia consists of chiefly steppes and comeuppances. This environment had traditionally limited the development of colonies and the attach toing agribusiness to oases, fed by rivers or belowground reservoirs known as aquifers. Soviet regulation changed all this, with forced collectivisation. Much of the traditional methods of sustainable cropping forms were forcibly altered to large-scale individual harvest methods that required a H2O direction substructure composed of surface irrigation systems. Regions like the Fergana Valley that were irrigated and specialized in cotton as a hard currency harvest, had a considerable comparative advantage over countries non bring forthing â€Å" white gold † . In the early 1960 ‘s Moscow took notice of this comparative advantage and began to make a quasi-monoculture, turning Cardinal Asia into a natural stuffs manufacturer for the fabric industries of the more cardinal Soviet Union. Cotton rapidly became the life-bread of the outer agriculturally based Soviet democracies, an indispensable trade good in their political economic systems. This patterned advance is illustrated by the province of Uzbekistan, which became one the largest cotton bring forthing states in the universe. The success or failure of cotton began to order the destiny of political elites in the Soviet Socialistic Republics ( SSRs ) , which lead to extended corruptness such as the over and underreporting of cotton production and the forced organisation of labou r to optimise cotton production. These corrupt patterns shortly became basiss of Uzbek, Tajik, and Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republics ‘ economic systems and the agricultural industry of the part. As the production of cotton in the Central Asiatic part increased quickly, the demand for H2O became despairing, due to the clime ‘s agricultural inhospitality and demand for irrigation. Water, at the clip, seemed copiously supplied by the Amu Darya and Syr Darya and lead to the building of great canals like the KaraKum canal, stretching more than 1,100 kilometer from the Amu Darya to Turkmenistan. The cragged countries of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan are the get downing point for both rivers, which are mostly consumed by the agriculturally demanding countries of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. This division between upstream and downstream states and the resulting differential entree is one of the chief causes of tenseness refering H2O use in the part. The moneymaking enlargement of cotton land area, best illustrated by Uzbekistan, created a quickly increasing demand for agricultural irrigation, and began deviating mass measures of H2O to provide it. In Uzbekistan cotton ‘s enlargement was unprecedented, spread outing from an end product of 441,600 hectares in 1913, to 1,022,600 sunburns in 1940, to 1,427,900 sunburns in 1960, to every bit much as 2,103,000 sunburns in 1987. In Uzbekistan cotton became known as â€Å" King Cotton † , providing a antecedently bare state with an unprecedented hard currency harvest and provided employment to the bulk of its citizens. The Uzbek ‘s flourishing cotton industry had one fatal defect: it relied wholly on the handiness of H2O, in a part missing abundant H2O. The efficiency of H2O use was minimum due to a hapless substructure trusting on unlined and exposed canals, where escape is highly high, with the bulk of H2O either evaporating or oozing into the land. These inefficient H2O direction patterns lead to a diminishing sum of H2O really making the Aral Sea, and by the 1960 ‘s the sum of H2O making the Aral Sea began to dunk below the 50 kmA? to keep the sea degree at the clip. In the 30 old ages that followed ( 1960-1990 ) , the Aral Sea shank to merely half its original surface country. By the twelvemonth 2007 the Aral Sea had shrunk to merely ten per centum of its original size. The lay waste toing toll on the environment caused by the irresponsible, regulated, and irreguardless ingestion of H2O in the part, at this point can non be reversed, and has threatened to do the full part inhospitable due to the salinization of its dirt. Interestingly plenty the drying out of the Aral Sea did non halt or even decelerate during the decennary of passage from Soviet regulation. The freshly independent states were concerned with their ain single wellbeing, with a focal point on the employment and foreign currency cotton production brought, instead than that of the part as a whole. The states of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, were trapped politically to maintain cotton production changeless even when spread outing the production of other harvests. This was due to cotton ‘s incontestable value in the states ‘ economic systems, disenabling policy shapers from traveling to more sustainable resource direction even if they wanted to. The agricultural demand for H2O by the downstream states and the hydroelectric demand by upstream states, over the last 10 old ages, have non been contained. Agricultural H2O usage has remained more or less the same, even with a displacement to more diverse and sustainable harvests. Overall cropping forms for the Central Asiatic part was 40 % cotton and 7 % wheat in 1990, which shifted to 35 % cotton and 30 % wheat by 2000. This displacement resulted in no bead in H2O ingestion, even though wheat is a less water-intense harvest. This is due to the parts deficiency of efficient H2O conveyance substructure and H2O direction, show by the remarkably high demand for H2O, in comparing to other cotton bring forthing states. The deficiency of authorities financess to better substructure and educate citizens about efficient H2O direction could be blamed, but in all world the demand for a revival of self-sustainable agriculture patterns in the part is what is truly needed.Management & A ; Refo rmsAfter the prostration of the Soviet Union, the centralized and regionally focussed H2O direction tactics antecedently practiced were abandoned. New national and regional organisations were formed during the passage period after 1991. An understanding was reached during February of 1992 to organize the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination ( ICWC ) , comprised of the five freshly independent Central Asian states. This organisation was responsible for H2O allotment in the Aral Sea basin, but lacked the foresight to turn to jobs like H2O quality, salt, and the authorization to efficaciously pull off possible struggle state of affairss that could happen. In March of 1993 a subsequent understanding established organisations like the Interstate Council on the Aral Sea ( ICAS ) , moving as an consultative commission for the five provinces of the part. This lead to the formation of the International Fund for the Aral Sea ( IFAS ) in order to fund the assorted activities of ICAS, f ollowed by the constitution of a Sustainable Development Commission, concentrating on protecting the environment of the part and socioeconomic development. ICAS and IFAS were shortly merged to organize a new IFAS empowered by a board of deputy curates, giving the organisation comparatively more power. At the basin degree of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya, H2O direction was delegated to single Water Basin Associations or Basseynoe Vodnoe Ob'edinenie ( BVOs ) . These organisations oversaw the H2O direction of basins that affected five freshly independent provinces, including the communicating substructure, pumping systems, canals, power supply, and distribution systems from the several rivers beginning to its basin on the Aral Sea. These BVOs did non nevertheless control drainage, as this duty fell to the national H2O governments. Dispite the bureaucratic muss that the complexnesss and sheer figure of bureaus that were created to cover with H2O direction in the part, organisations like the BVOs lacked the support of international jurisprudence, intending that understandings and resource direction put for the by these organisations could be ignored with no effect. This deficiency of authorization is farther illustrated by the absent acknowledgment by province legislative assemblies and the support duties, proportionate to H2O allotment portions, which merely two of five states on a regular basis complied with. The deficit of support besides hampered the ability of BVOs and similar organisations to map and even keep the basic substructure that they were founded to set up. Originally IFAS was to be financed yearly by allotments of one per centum of the five member states Gross National Product, this figure was reduced to 0.3 % for Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan, and to 0.1 % for Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. These decreases in budget allotments were farther impeded by late payments and the deficiency of payment wholly, as some provinces concluded that the financess allocated for IFAS would be better utilized within their ain boundary lines. This meant that organisations like IFAS could non number on regular parts to fund direct operationa l costs or to fund larger substructure care, fix, and betterment doing the bing H2O direction construction to farther deteriorate.